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1.British Medical Association. Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment. Guidance for decision making. London: BMA Books; 1999.

2.House of Lords Report of the Select Committee on Medical Ethics. London HMSO Session 1993–94 (HL Paper 21–I).

3.Resume Annotated Opinions on Ethical and Social Issues. The Christian & Dental Society Medical Ethics Commission. http//www.cmds.org/Ethics/ethics.htm (accessed on 1.11.99).4

4.Lennard-Jones LE. Ethical and legal aspects of clinical hydration and nutritional support. A report for the British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. BAPEN, Maidenhead, 1999.

5.Pellegrino ED. The metamorphosis of medical ethics: a 30 year retrospective. JAMA 1993;269:1158-1162.

6.Paris JJ. Ethical issues in withdrawing or withdrawal of nutrition and fluids. Clin Nutr 1993;12:12-15.

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12.Andrews K. Letting vegetative patients die. Br Med J 1992;305:1506

13.Airedale NHS Trust v Bland: Judgements of Family Division, Court of Appeal (Civil Division) and House of Lords. In: Fennell P, Harpwood V, Johnson H, Gwena C (Editors). Butterworth Medico-Legal Reports: Volume 12. London: Butterworths; 1993; 64–143.

14.Doyal L, Wilsher D. Withholding and withdrawing life sustaining treatment from elderly people: towards formal guidelines. BMJ 1994;308:1689-1692.

15.Respect for autonomy. In: Principles of biomedical ethics. Fourth edition. Tom L Beauchamp, James F Childress (Editors). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994.

16.ASPEN Board of Directors. Guidelines for use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17(Suppl):1SA–52 S15–S16.

17.Wanzer S, Adelstein J, Cranford R, Federman DD, Hook ED, Moertel CG et al. The physician's responsibility toward hopelessly ill patients. N Engl J Med 1984;310:955-959.

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20.Ethical statement–advanced directives. The Christian & Dental Society Medical Ethics Commission. http/www.cmds.org/Ethics/ethics.htm. (accessed 1.11.99).

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22.Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonson AR. Medical Futility. In: Ethical issues in modern medicine. 4th Edition. Arras JD, Steinbock B (Editors). Mayfield Publishing Co: Toronto. 1995.

23.Civetta JM. Futile care or caregiver frustration? A practical approach. Crit Care Med 1996;24:346-351.

24.Lantos JD, Singer PA, Walker RM, Gramelspacher GP, Shapiro GR, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, et al. The illusion of futility in clinical practice. Am J Med 1989;87:81-84.

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26.Elia M. Artificial nutritional support in clinical practice in Britain. J Roy Coll Phys Lond 1993;27:8-14.

27.Payne-James JJ, De Gara CJ, Grimble GK et al. Artificial nutrition support in hospitals in the United Kingdom 1994; Third National Survey. Clin Nutr 1995;14:329-35.

28.Editorial Bulletin. Medical Ethics 1997; 136: page 1.

29.Glick SM. Unlimited human anatomy – a cultural bias? N Engl J Med 1997; 336, part 13: 954- 956.

30.Mental Health Act Commission. Guidance on the treatment of anorexia nervosa under the Mental Health Act 1983. In: Guidance Note 3, 1997.

31.Angeli M. After Quinlan: the dilemma of the persistent vegetative state. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1524-1525.

32.Goodall L. Tube feeding dilemmas: can artificial nutrition and hydration be legally or ethically withheld or withdrawn. J Adv Nursing 1997;25:217-222.

33.Curran WJ. Quality of life and treatment decisions: The Canadian Law Reform Report. N Engl J Med 1984;310:297-298.

34.Lennard Jones JE. Giving or withholding fluid or nutrients: ethical and legal aspects. J Roy Coll Phys Lond 1999;33:39-45.

35.Paris JJ, Poorman M. When religious beliefs and medical judgements conflict: civic polity and the social good. In: Zucker MB, Zucker HD (Editors). Medical futility and the evaluation of life-sustaining interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997:85–97.

36.Green CJ. Existence, causes and consequences of disease-related malnutrition in the hospital and the community, and clinical and financial benefits of nutritional intervention. Clin Nutr 1999;18(suppl 2):3-28.

37.Allison SP. The uses and limitations of nutritional support. Clin Nutr 1992;11:319-330.

38.Malnourished patients: overlooked and undertreated. Drug Therapeutics Bull 1996; 34:57–60.

39.Satyanarayana R, Klein S. Clinical efficacy of perioperative nutrition support. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998;1:51-58.

40.Nordenstrom J, Thorne A. Benefits and complications of parenteral nutritional support. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:531-537.

41.McWhirter J, Pennington C. Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. Br Med J 1994;308:945-948.

42.Hospital food as treatment. A Report for the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. BAPEN, Maidenhead; 1994.

43.Larrsonn J, Unosson M, Ek A-C, Nilsson L, Thorslund S, Bjurulf P. Effect of dietary supplement on nutritional status and clinical outcome on 501 geriatric patients–a randomized study. Clin Nutr 1990;9:179-184.

44.Potter JM, Roberts MA, Reilly JJ, McColl JH. An evaluation of protein energy supplementation in medically ill admissions to a geriatric unit. Proc Nutr Soc 1998;57:88A

45.Tucker H. Cost containment through nutrition intervention. Nutr Rev 1996;54:111-121.

46.Altman DG, Bland JM. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. BMJ 1995;311:485

47.Kerridge I, Lowe M, Henry D. Ethics and evidence based medicine. BMJ 1998;316:1151-1153.

48.House of Commons Official Report. Hansard 26 April 1994; 242:c98–99.

49.King's Fund Report 1992. A positive approach to nutrition as treatment. London: King's Fund Centre; 1992.

50.Standards and Guidelines for Nutritional Support of Patients in Hospitals. A Report for the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. BAPEN, Maidenhead; 1996.


 

 

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